The Shield of Achilles

Poetry | W. H. Auden

Brief Question in W. H. Auden's Poems 

Brief Question in W. H. Auden's Poems

  • Who was W. H. Auden?
Ans: A leading English poet of the 20th century.
  • What jobs did Auden do in America?
Ans: He taught at several schools and universities.
  • How was Auden honoured in England?
Ans: He received the King’s Gold Medal in 1937.
  • When was Auden awarded the Pulitzer Prize?
Ans: In 1948 for The Age of Anxiety.
  • When was the poem “Lullaby” published?
Ans: It was first published in 1937.
  • What is the theme of “Lullaby”?
Ans: Love despite human faults and faithlessness.
  • Why does the poet-lover call his beloved “human”?
Ans: She is mortal, imperfect, and not a goddess.
  • What proves the child to be ephemeral?
Ans: The grave shows life is brief.
  • What does “the living creature” refer to?
Ans: It refers to the poet’s beloved.
  • Who is Venus?
Ans: The Roman goddess of love and beauty.
  • What is “supernatural sympathy”?
Ans: Venus’s blessing raising love to mystic height.
  • How do the lovers resemble hermits?
Ans: Both seek union and spiritual ecstasy.
  • What is the meaning of “Noons of dryness”?
Ans: Moments of spiritual crisis and misery.
  • What does the poet mean by “human love”?
Ans: Universal love, or agape, for all.
  • What does “Nights of insult” refer to?
Ans: Despair after mere physical gratification.
  • How does Auden show the permanence of art?
Ans: Yeats died; his poems still live.
  • How does Auden picture Yeats’s death?
Ans: Mind faded; feelings stilled; life ebbed.
  • How does Auden satirize materialistic outlook?
Ans: Brokers roar for profit in noisy markets.
  • What is people’s illusion about their freedom?
Ans: They feel free within ego and vanity.
  • What is “the parish of rich women”?
Ans: Yeats’s flattering circle of lady admirers.
  • How does Auden estimate Ireland?
Ans: Poetry changed nothing in Ireland’s conditions.
  • What is “intellectual disgrace”?
Ans: Hatred bred by clashing ideologies.
  • How may Yeats’s poetry help in crisis?
Ans: Bring light and joy to suffering minds.
  • Who was Achilles?
Ans: Greek hero, central to the Iliad.
  • What battlefield picture does Thetis see?
Ans: Dreary ranks of soldiers awaiting orders.
  • What is the meaning of “a voice without a face”?
Ans: Dictators speaking by radio or loudspeaker.
  • What does “the shining metal” mean?
Ans: The shield as art and human image.
  • What do the “three pale figures” symbolize?
Ans: Prisoners of war bound to stakes.
  • What does a “weed-choked field” symbolize?
Ans: Modern spiritual desolation and barrenness.
  • Why did Hephaestus hobble away?
Ans: Lame, displeased with his finished work.
  • What moral comes from “The Shield of Achilles”?
Ans: War’s evils spare no one, not even heroes.
  • What kind of poem is “Petition”?
Ans: A brief sonnet of prayer to God.
  • What is the theme of “Petition”?
Ans: Diagnose modern ills; ask divine cure.
  • Which modern diseases need “sovereign touch”?
Ans: Neurosis, breakdown, repressed desire, maladjustment.
  • How is social change possible, according to Auden?
Ans: By inner transformation, a changed heart.
  • Who are the “old Masters”?
Ans: Ancient tragedians and great painters like Brueghel.
  • What is the “miraculous birth”?
Ans: Christ’s Resurrection foretold in Scripture.
  • What is “Brueghel’s Icarus”?
Ans: A landscape showing Icarus falling unnoticed.
  • What is the theme of “Musée des Beaux Arts”?
Ans: Human indifference to others’ suffering.
  • Who are “the inconstant ones”?
Ans: People who change views to please power.
  • Why are the limestone men “unable to conceive a god”?
Ans: They think God lacks moral sense.
  • What is the “nomad’s comb”?
Ans: A hair fringe shading a desert gaze.
  • Who are “the best” and “the worst”?
Ans: Saints are best; Caesars are worst.
  • What do the “granite wastes” symbolize?
Ans: Hard, saintly natures forming future saints.
  • What do the “clays and gravels” symbolize?
Ans: Malleable people and fruitful environments.
  • What is an “anti-mythological myth”?
Ans: A myth made from real human life.
  • What lesson is in “In Praise of Limestone”?
Ans: Face reality; avoid dreamy escapes.
  • What does the title “Lullaby” signify?
Ans: A soothing song to lull a lover.
  • Whom does Achilles refer to?
Ans: The modern man amid cruel times.
  • What is Auden’s message in “Lullaby”?
Ans: Change eros into agape for humanity.
  • Who “die morally,” according to Auden?
Ans: Cowards who tolerate tyrants’ cruelties.
  • What is Auden’s message in “Lullaby”?
Ans: Transform passion into universal charity.
  • Who is the mother of Achilles?
Ans: The sea-nymph Thetis.
  • What is the source of the title “Out, Out—”?
Ans: Macbeth’s line: “Out, out, brief candle!”
  • Why does Auden call the lover faithless?
Ans: Humans are imperfect and inconstant.
  • What does the title “The Shield of Achilles” signify?
Ans: The shield as art and modern condition.
  • How is modern man a prisoner of society?
Ans: Systems oppress him and limit freedom.
  • Who is the “She” in “The Shield of Achilles”?
Ans: Thetis; also the expectant reading public. 

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