The Metaphysical Poets

Essay | T. S. Eliot

How does Eliot justify that the Elizabethan and the Jacobean poets were intelligent and the later poets were reflective?

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How does Eliot justify that the Elizabethan and the Jacobean poets were intelligent and the later poets were reflective? [NU: 2019, 22]

T. S. Eliot (1888-1965) was a famous modern critic and poet. His essay, “The Metaphysical Poets,” was published in 1921. Eliot writes about changes in English poetry. He says Elizabethan and Jacobean poets were intelligent. Later poets became merely reflective, rather than truly intelligent. This essay helps us understand the history of poetry. Eliot’s ideas show how poetry styles changed over time. Let us discuss this in detail.

True Intelligence in Early Poets: Eliot calls Elizabethan and Jacobean poets intelligent. They joined thoughts and feelings in poems. Each poem revealed a deep thought and natural emotion. Eliot writes that these poets were special. In his words,

“The poets of the seventeenth century… possessed a mechanism of sensibility which could devour any kind of experience.”

This quote means they used every life experience. They made any
thought into strong poetry. Both heart and mind worked together. Their poems felt rich and alive. This skill gave their poetry power.

Donne’s Unique Sensibility: John Donne is Eliot’s main example. His poetry closely connects mind and emotion. When Donne thought, he also felt deeply. His ideas were not just cold thoughts. Eliot proves this when he says,

“A thought to Donne was an experience; it modified his sensibility.”

This quote shows Donne lived his thoughts. His feelings changed with every new idea. He never separated thought from emotion. Donne’s poetry was full of life and energy. Every metaphor and image had a feeling inside. Eliot calls this true poetic intelligence. Donne’s way makes poems rich and interesting. His ability brings poetry closer to the reader’s life.

Later Poets Became More Reflective: Eliot notes that later poets, such as Tennyson and Browning, underwent significant changes. They only used thought, not feeling. Their poetry became too cold and distant. Eliot shows this clear difference. He writes,

“They think; but they do not feel their thought as immediately as the odour of a rose.”

This quote supports his argument. These poets lost the mix of mind and heart. Their poetry became dry, not alive or strong.

Mixing Experiences in Early Poetry: Eliot admires early poets’ skill in mixing. They could blend many things in a poem. Thoughts, pictures, and feelings came together in harmony. Their work had no hard boundaries. Eliot gives proof by saying,

“When a poet’s mind is perfectly equipped for its work, it is constantly amalgamating disparate experience.”

This means their poetry felt wide and open. They took new ideas and unified them with emotion. Early poems were exciting and always fresh. Later poets lost this kind of unity. Their writing turned dry and narrow. Poetry lost layers of meaning and color.

The Shift Called Dissociation: Eliot describes a huge change in poetry. Early poets successfully combined thought and emotion. Later poets began to separate them. Eliot calls this split a special name. He says,

“In the seventeenth century a dissociation of sensibility set in, from which we have never recovered.”

This quote is the central object in his essay. After this, poets became mostly thinkers. Deep feelings left poetry’s core. The old balance was lost for good. Eliot wants his readers to see this loss.

In termination, Eliot’s essay compares two groups of poets. Old poets joined heart and mind well. New poets only used the mind. Eliot’s supporting quotes show this change clearly. He teaches why strong poetry needs both feeling and thinking. His ideas still guide poetry students today.

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