Themes  

Human Nature and Imperfection: The poem shows that humans are soft and changeable like limestone. It praises weakness, emotion, and the need for love. Auden says being human means accepting faults, not denying them.

Balance between Body and Spirit: Auden values harmony between the physical and spiritual sides of life. The limestone land represents peace, warmth, and moderation. True happiness comes from balance, not extremes. 

Criticism of Extremes and Fanaticism: The poet warns against saints, conquerors, and fanatics who leave human life for pride or power. He shows that extremes lead to loneliness and death, not truth.

Love, Faith, and Forgiveness: At the end, Auden connects limestone with love and spiritual rebirth. The flowing water and underground streams show faith and forgiveness as eternal forces.