Figures of Speech

• Irony: Definition: Irony occurs when there is a gap between what is expected and what actually happens. Example: Although Meursault is tried for murder, the court gives more importance to his indifference at his mother’s funeral. Not the murder, but not crying becomes the greater crime. Effect: Irony shows that society values emotions more than the crime itself.
• Metaphor: Definition: When something is used as a symbol of another thing, it is a metaphor. Example: The sun is a metaphor here. The heat and glare symbolize human helplessness. It is under the pressure of the sun that Meursault fires the gun. Effect: The metaphor shows man’s weakness and submission to nature.
• Hyperbole-like Exaggeration: Definition: Stating something in an exaggerated way. Example: The prosecutor calls Meursault a “monster.” This is an exaggeration beyond reality. Effect: Shows how society oppresses those who are different.
• Repetition: Definition: Repeating the same words or ideas again and again. Example: Meursault repeatedly says, “It doesn’t matter to me.” Effect: His detachment and absurd view of life become clear.
• Paradox: Definition: A statement that seems contradictory but reveals truth inside. Example: By accepting the inevitability of death, Meursault finds peace. Life is meaningless, yet he discovers meaning in that very meaninglessness. Effect: Reveals Camus’s philosophy of the “Absurd.”
• Symbolism:

• The Sun: The heat and glare symbolize murder and restlessness. It reflects the absurd pressures of life.
• The Sea: While swimming with Marie Cardona, the sea symbolizes joy and freedom.
• The Court: Represents not just law but society’s judgment and moral authority.
• The Prison: Symbolizes human limitations and life’s constraints.
• The Chaplain: Represents religious faith and social pressure. By rejecting religion, Meursault shows his independence.

Moral Lessons from The Outsider

• Indifference is isolation.
• Death gives life meaning.
• Society fears the outsider.
• Nature overpowers man.
• Freedom is accepting absurdity.